Maintenance of Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Chronic Asthma May Be Mediated by Th2-Independent Mechanisms

CD4+, Th2-mediated inflammation is an important component of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in allergic airway disease. IL-4 specifically interacts with the Type 1 IL-4 receptor comprised of IL-4R and the common chain, whereas IL-4 and IL-13 mediate their effects through a common receptor complex made up of IL-4R and IL13R 1 (i.e. the Type II IL-4 receptor). In this study, we examined the effects of impaired Th2 signaling on AHR using IL4R -/mice in a murine model of allergic asthma. IL-4R -/mice and control BALB/c (IL-4R +/+ ) mice were sensitized to and challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus. Airway disease was assessed at days 14, 28, 51, and 57 after intratracheal conidia challenge. AHR was evaluated by plethysmography after intravenous methacholine. Whole lung levels of cytokines and chemokines, and serum immunoglobulins were measured by specific ELISA. Paraffin-embedded lung sections were stained for histology. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was cytospun for differential cell counts. While AHR was significantly reduced in IL-4R -/mice (p<0.01) at days 14 and 28 after conidia challenge, it was increased when compared to controls at later time points (days 51 and 57) even though Th2 cytokines were significantly decreased at day 57, and total IgE and IgG1 levels were markedly decreased throughout the study (p<0.0001). Goblet cell metaplasia was also evident at days 51 and 57 in the knockout groups. These results demonstrate that airway hyperresponsiveness and mucus cell metaplasia in a model of allergic asthma can develop in the absence of a predominant Th2 signaling pathway, suggesting that Th2-independent mechanisms may arbitrate chronic stages of airway disease due to A. fumigatus.